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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Posterior Shoulder Instability: A Clinical Review.

Nathan White¹, Claudia Ghisa¹, Andrew Tran¹

¹Southern California Orthopaedic Institute, 6815 Noble Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 91405, USA.

The Orthopedic Clinics of North America

|October 16, 2025

Summary

Posterior shoulder instability is more common than previously thought. Treatment depends on bone involvement: arthroscopic repair for no bone loss, and bone restoration for significant glenoid defects.

Keywords:

Glenoid bone loss Posterior labral tear Posterior shoulder instability Reverse hill-sachs

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Biomechanics

Background:

Posterior shoulder instability is an underdiagnosed condition.
Its incidence is higher than the previously estimated 5% to 10% of cases.
This necessitates specialized treatment approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the increasing recognition of posterior shoulder instability.
To differentiate treatment strategies based on the presence and severity of osseous involvement.
To guide surgical decision-making for posterior shoulder instability.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on posterior shoulder instability.
Analysis of treatment outcomes based on glenoid bone loss.
Comparison of arthroscopic labral repair versus bone restoration procedures.

Main Results:

Arthroscopic labral repair is effective for patients without osseous involvement.
Glenoid bone loss exceeding 13.5% indicates a need for bone restoration procedures.
Surgical strategies should be tailored to individual patient anatomy and pathology.

Conclusions:

Posterior shoulder instability requires careful evaluation and tailored surgical management.
Glenoid bone width restoration is crucial for cases with significant bone loss.
Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment lead to improved patient outcomes.