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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Salt Ice VI as Solid-State Electrolytes.

Huacai Yan1, Qiaoxin Zhang1, Quan Zhuang2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Waterproof Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers transformed liquid electrolytes into solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) using pressure. This novel pressure-phase engineering approach creates conductive salt ice VI, a promising material for safer, high-density all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs).

Keywords:
DFT calculationselectrochemical stabilityionic conductivitypressure‐induced phase transitionsalt ice VIsolid‐state electrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are critical for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), influencing safety and energy density.
  • Traditional SSE development relies on complex synthesis and novel chemical compositions.
  • An alternative strategy is needed to discover high-performance SSEs efficiently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a physical-phase strategy for creating high-performance SSEs.
  • To convert simple liquid electrolytes into SSEs using pressure-driven liquid-solid transitions.
  • To explore the potential of pressure-phase engineering for next-generation battery materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lithium-salt aqueous solutions as a model system.
  • Employed in situ high-pressure structural tracking and electrochemical measurements.
  • Conducted density-functional calculations and constructed a pressure-temperature phase diagram.

Main Results:

  • Discovered the reproducible emergence of conductive salt ice VI between 1.3 and 2.5 GPa.
  • Achieved room-temperature Li+ conductivities of 10^-4–10^-3 S cm^-1 with an activation energy of 0.87 eV.
  • Observed an electrochemical stability window widening to 3.8 V for salt ice VI.

Conclusions:

  • Pressure-phase engineering offers a powerful, chemistry-agnostic route for SSE discovery.
  • Salt ice VI exhibits favorable ion migration pathways and robust phase stability.
  • This method bypasses traditional synthetic limitations, enabling rapid development of advanced SSEs for ASSBs.