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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

48.6K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
48.6K
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

19.5K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
19.5K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.8K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
3.8K
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

70.9K
Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
70.9K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.8K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
16.8K
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

3.8K
Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Lithium-Compatible Halide Superionic Conductors.

Fiaz Hussain1, Chunlei Zhao1, Hailun Jin1

  • 1Ningbo Key Laboratory of All-Solid-State Battery, Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo 315200, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new Yb2+-based halide solid-state electrolyte (SSE) that is stable against lithium metal anodes. This breakthrough enables higher energy density in next-generation all-solid-state lithium batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium-metal-halide (Li-M-X) compounds are promising solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs).
  • Current halide SSEs face limitations due to susceptibility to reduction by lithium metal anodes, hindering energy density.
  • Developing stable SSEs is crucial for advancing high-energy-density ASSLBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel class of Li-M-X superionic conductors with enhanced stability against lithium metal anodes.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing halide SSEs in ASSLBs.
  • To identify new SSE candidates for high-performance energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles studies based on electronic structure modification of the M-site element.
  • Utilizing Ytterbium (Yb2+) as the M-site element instead of traditional M3+/4+/5+.
  • Investigating the Li4YbCl6 phase and its properties, including anion substitution.

Main Results:

  • Identified Li4YbCl6 as a stable phase against Li metal anodes and high-voltage cathodes.
  • Li4YbCl6 exhibits an ultrawide band gap (>7 eV) and a broad electrochemical stability window (∼4.25 V).
  • Achieved high Li-ionic conductivity (0.15 mS/cm at 300 K), further enhanced to 1 mS/cm in Li4YbCl3Br3 via anion substitution.

Conclusions:

  • Yb2+-based halide SSEs offer a promising route for developing lithium-stable electrolytes.
  • The Li/Li4YbCl6 interface is kinetically stabilized, demonstrating superior electrochemical stability.
  • This work provides critical insights for designing high-energy-density ASSLBs with improved safety and performance.