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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence

Published on: January 27, 2023

Flow Cytometric Determination of Micronucleus Frequency.

Azeddine Elhajouji¹, Pascal Stadelmann²

¹Genome Safety, Preclinical Safety, Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Azeddine.elhajouji@novartis.com.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|November 22, 2025

Summary

The micronucleus (MN) test is a versatile biomarker for chromosomal damage, widely used in genotoxicity screening. This chapter details MN test protocols and flow cytometry analysis for accurate assessment.

Keywords:

Flow cytometry Genotoxicity Human lymphocytes In vitro In vivo Micronucleus test Rodents

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Area of Science:

Toxicology
Genetics
Biomarkers

Background:

The micronucleus (MN) test is a widely adopted genotoxicity screening tool.
MNs are biomarkers of chromosomal damage or mitotic abnormalities.
The assay is applicable to various cell types, in vitro and in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of protocol designs for the MN test.
To describe experimental steps for successful MN test performance.
To detail accurate MN analysis using flow cytometry.

Main Methods:

Micronucleus (MN) test protocol design.
In vitro and in vivo MN testing guidelines (OECD 487, OECD 474).
Flow cytometry for MN analysis.

Main Results:

The MN test is a versatile tool for understanding genotoxin effects.
Standardized guidelines (OECD) enhance its regulatory and research utility.
Flow cytometry offers accurate MN analysis.

Conclusions:

The MN test is crucial for genotoxicity assessment in research and regulatory settings.
This chapter provides practical guidance on MN test execution and analysis.
Flow cytometry is a key technique for accurate MN quantification.