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Leveraging Systems-of-Systems Analysis to Strengthen Epidemic Intelligence for Preparedness and Response.

John M Drake1, Justin Bahl1, Michael A Cacciatore1

  • 1John M. Drake, PhD, is a Professor, Odum School of Ecology; Justin Bahl, PhD, is a Professor Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Infectious Diseases; Michael A. Cacciatore, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication; Glen Nowak, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Advertising and Public Relations; Éric Marty, PhD, is a Research Professional, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases; Pejman Rohani, PhD, is a Professor, Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases; Sukanta Sarkar, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Associate, Odum School of Ecology; Guppy L. Stott, is a Graduate Student, Institute of Bioinformatics; and Amy K. Winter, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics: all at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. Amin Ghadami, PhD, is a Research Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Ellie Graeden, PhD, is a Research Professor, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Barbara A. Han, PhD, is a Disease Ecologist, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY. Hailey Robertson, is a Graduate Student, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Bogdan I. Epureanu, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Health Security
|December 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed flaws in managing infectious disease outbreaks. Adopting a systems-of-systems (SOS) approach can improve epidemic intelligence and response coordination across sectors.

Keywords:
Epidemic preparednessInfectious disease intelligenceInterdisciplinary integrationPandemic response frameworkSystems-of-systems (SOS)

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Systems Engineering
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted critical deficiencies in coordinating multi-sectoral efforts for large-scale infectious disease outbreaks.
  • Current isolated management systems lead to policy misalignment, communication fragmentation, and response inefficiencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose the adoption of a systems-of-systems (SOS) paradigm to enhance epidemic intelligence.
  • To improve preparedness and response capabilities for infectious disease emergencies.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes applying the SOS framework, commonly used in engineering, to integrate diverse disciplines like virology, ecology, psychology, and policy.
  • A case study using highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) illustrates the SOS approach's potential.

Main Results:

  • The SOS approach offers a structured method for integrating disparate information and activities across governmental, healthcare, and private sectors.
  • Implementation of SOS thinking can lead to more cohesive and effective epidemic intelligence systems.

Conclusions:

  • Adopting an SOS paradigm is crucial for overcoming current challenges in managing infectious disease outbreaks.
  • Key considerations for implementing SOS in global epidemic intelligence systems are discussed, emphasizing improved preparedness and response.