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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Marie Emilie Tuil1, Bshaier Allehyany2, Paul Edison2,3

  • 1Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astrocytic responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) vary by stage and region, with a pro-inflammatory pathway emerging early. Tau appears to be a key neurotoxic factor, interacting with amyloid and astrocyte activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuropathology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Astrocytic and microglial reactivity are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, but findings are often contradictory.
  • Evidence suggests diverse microglial responses, ranging from neuroprotective to neurotoxic.
  • Astrocyte-microglia interactions suggest astrocytes may exhibit similar variable responses in AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between astrocytic responses, AD biomarkers, and cognitive decline.
  • To understand how astrocytic reactivity impacts AD pathology across different disease stages and brain regions.
  • To evaluate the stage and region-specific patterns of astrocytic responses in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 323 participants from the ADNI database, stratified by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and cognitive status (AD, MCI).
  • Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (YKL-40, GAP-43, Aβ1-42, T-tau, p-tau181), MRI, and PET scans (18F-AV45, 18F-FDG).
  • Statistical analysis using Pearson correlations and voxel-based linear regressions to assess biomarker relationships and spatial patterns.

Main Results:

  • Significant correlations were found between tau levels, GAP-43, and YKL-40 across all participant groups.
  • YKL-40 showed significant associations with GAP-43 and Aβ1-42, varying by disease stage.
  • Voxel-based analysis revealed Braak-like patterns for 18F-AV45 and YKL-40, particularly in early-stage MCI.

Conclusions:

  • YKL-40 correlations indicate stage-dependent astrocytic responses in AD, initially linked to Aβ and tau, then predominantly to tau.
  • Synaptic dysfunction correlates with tau and YKL-40 as AD progresses, with Braak-like patterns observed.
  • Tau is suggested as a primary neurotoxic hallmark in AD, acting synergistically with amyloid and astrocytic reactivity.