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Housing Insecurity and Disparities Among Gender Minorities in Canada: Evidence From a National Census
Yihong Bai1, Chungah Kim2, Peiya Cao3
1College of Community and Global Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada.
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) led households in Canada experience significant housing inequities. These disparities highlight the need for inclusive housing policies and targeted support for TGD populations.
Area of Science:
- Social Determinants of Health
- Health Equity
- Canadian Demographics
Background:
- Housing is a critical social determinant of health.
- Limited population-representative data exists on housing disparities for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals.
- This study offers the first population-based assessment of housing inequities for TGD-led households in Canada.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess housing inequities experienced by cisgender-, transgender-, and non-binary-led households in Canada.
- To provide population-representative evidence on housing disparities.
- To identify specific TGD populations facing the greatest housing challenges.
Main Methods:
- Utilized 2021 Canadian Long Form Census data for primary household maintainers (15+).
- Disaggregated gender identity into cisgender, transgender men, transgender women, non-binary assigned male at birth (AMAB), and non-binary assigned female at birth (AFAB).
- Employed logistic regression to analyze core housing need, adjusting for covariates, with subgroup analyses by age, living arrangement, and tenure.
Main Results:
- Cisgender men-led households reported the lowest core housing need (8.0%).
- Transgender women (21.2%), non-binary AFAB (21.2%), non-binary AMAB (19.4%), and transgender men (16.5%) led households faced higher risks.
- Adjusted models revealed elevated odds of housing need for transgender women, non-binary AMAB, and non-binary AFAB households compared to cisgender men, with the largest disparities among youth, renters, and multi-person households.
Conclusions:
- Transgender and gender diverse-led households face systematic and significant housing disadvantages in Canada.
- Addressing these inequities necessitates integrating gender identity into housing policy and strengthening anti-discrimination measures.
- Expanding affordable and supportive housing options tailored to TGD populations is crucial.
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