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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis].

Anna Bryan Stensbøl1, Kristina Træholt Franck2, Zohra Fatima Umar3

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This summary is machine-generated.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, fatal measles complication. This case highlights the importance of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination and clinical awareness, especially in vulnerable populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, fatal neurological complication of measles infection.
  • It results from persistent measles virus in the central nervous system, typically years after initial infection.
  • SSPE poses a significant diagnostic challenge, particularly in diverse clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of SSPE in an 11-year-old boy from a crisis-affected country.
  • To emphasize the critical role of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination in preventing SSPE.
  • To underscore the necessity of clinical vigilance for rare infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case presentation of an 11-year-old Syrian boy with progressive encephalopathy.
  • Diagnostic workup included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain.
  • Post-mortem confirmation of SSPE.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with severe neurological decline and a vegetative state.
  • MRI revealed characteristic diffuse white matter, thalamic, and pontine abnormalities.
  • SSPE diagnosis was confirmed post-mortem.

Conclusions:

  • This case underscores the continued risk of SSPE despite prior measles and MMR vaccination.
  • High MMR vaccine coverage is essential for preventing SSPE outbreaks.
  • Clinical awareness of SSPE is crucial for early diagnosis and management, especially in populations affected by crises.