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A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
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Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
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From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology
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Nitrogen doping-enabled low-temperature capacitance retention in carbon materials.

Anica B Pinongcos1, Xinzhe Xue1, Megan C Freyman2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA. yatli@ucsc.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|January 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels offer reliable energy storage in extreme cold. These supercapacitors maintain 96% capacitance at -40°C, crucial for polar and space missions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Effective energy storage solutions are vital for extreme environments like polar regions and space.
  • Supercapacitors require robust performance at subzero temperatures for reliable operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate advanced energy storage materials for subzero temperature applications.
  • To investigate the low-temperature performance of nitrogen-doped multiscale porous carbon aerogels.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of nitrogen-doped multiscale porous carbon aerogels.
  • Electrochemical characterization of supercapacitors at -40 °C.
  • Analysis of material properties, including nitrogen content and surface morphology.

Main Results:

  • Supercapacitors achieved 96% capacitance retention at -40 °C.
  • An energy density of 1.43 Wh L-1 was recorded at low temperatures.
  • Enhanced nitrogen doping and increased ion-accessible surface area were correlated with performance.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels demonstrate exceptional low-temperature supercapacitor performance.
  • Material design strategies can overcome limitations of energy storage in extreme cold.
  • These findings are significant for polar and space exploration applications.