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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
Published on: April 17, 2021
Retrograde Balloon-Assisted Subintimal Entry for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Primero Ng1,2, Lorenzo Azzalini1
1Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
None:
An impenetrable proximal cap complicates chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is often an indication for the retrograde approach. When also the distal cap of the CTO is impenetrable, very few options remain to recanalize the vessel. We report a case of retrograde balloon-assisted subintimal entry (BASE), enabling successful CTO PCI in a case with impenetrable proximal and distal caps.
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