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An Open and Novel Low-Cost Terrestrial Laser Scanner Prototype for Forest Monitoring.

Jozef Výbošťok1, Juliána Chudá1, Daniel Tomčík1

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A new open-source, low-cost terrestrial laser scanning system (LCA-TLS) offers accurate forest inventory measurements. This affordable LiDAR solution provides a practical alternative for ecological research and forest monitoring.

Keywords:
HMLSTLSforestfunctional prototypeiPhonelow cost

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Area of Science:

  • Forestry and Ecological Monitoring
  • Geospatial Technology
  • Open-Source Hardware and Software

Background:

  • Accurate forest inventory is vital for ecosystem monitoring and sustainable management.
  • Traditional methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming.
  • Advancements in technology offer opportunities for more accessible high-resolution 3D data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a fully open-source, low-cost terrestrial laser scanning system (LCA-TLS).
  • To assess the performance and accuracy of the LCA-TLS compared to reference devices.
  • To provide a cost-effective solution for 3D forest inventory and LiDAR-based ecosystem monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a low-cost LCA-TLS using commercially available components and a Livox Avia sensor (€2050 total cost).
  • Assessed system performance under controlled and field conditions.
  • Benchmarked LCA-TLS against RIEGL VZ-1000, Stonex X120GO, and iPhone 15 Pro Max.

Main Results:

  • LCA-TLS achieved high accuracy for diameter at breast height (DBH) (RMSE: 1.50 cm) and tree height (TH) (RMSE: 0.99 m).
  • Performance was comparable to the more expensive Stonex X120GO and superior to the iPhone.
  • The RIEGL system was most accurate but significantly more expensive (30x).

Conclusions:

  • The open-source LCA-TLS is a practical, cost-effective, and accessible alternative for 3D forest inventory.
  • It democratizes access to high-resolution 3D data for ecological research.
  • Enables efficient monitoring of forest ecosystems and carbon stocks.