Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

4.6K
When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
4.6K
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.3K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.3K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

8.7K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
8.7K
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

2.3K
There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of spherical aberration on the vergence-accommodation conflict.

Biomedical optics express·2026
Same author

Comparison of decentration, tilt, and dynamic stability between retropupillary iris claw and scleral fixated intraocular lenses with flanged haptics.

Journal of cataract and refractive surgery·2026
Same author

Halo assessment in intraocular lenses through high dynamic range images.

Journal of cataract and refractive surgery·2025
Same author

Color vision with a two-photon infrared RGB display.

Biomedical optics express·2025
Same author

Roadmap on advances in visual and physiological optics.

Journal of optics (2010)·2025
Same author

Seeing nonspectral colors with single wavelength stimulation in two-photon vision.

Biomedical optics express·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus
10:43

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus

Published on: April 21, 2023

4.3K

Stiles-Crawford effect in infrared two-photon vision.

Xinyu Wang1, Silvestre Manzanera1,2, Juan Tabernero1,2

  • 1Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.

Biomedical Optics Express
|January 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Stiles-Crawford effect, which influences perceived brightness, was compared for visible and infrared light using two-photon (2P) vision. Results indicate similar photoreceptor directionality for both light types, suggesting comparable visual processing.

More Related Videos

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina
09:03

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Published on: February 13, 2021

5.0K
Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging
09:46

Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging

Published on: April 28, 2022

4.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus
10:43

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus

Published on: April 21, 2023

4.3K
Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina
09:03

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Published on: February 13, 2021

5.0K
Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging
09:46

Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging

Published on: April 28, 2022

4.7K

Area of Science:

  • Vision Science
  • Photophysics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Pulsed infrared (IR) light can be perceived visually via non-linear two-photon (2P) absorption.
  • The Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE-I) describes how perceived brightness varies with the pupil entry point of light.
  • SCE-I is well-established for visible light but less understood for 2P vision.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the intensity of the Stiles-Crawford effect (SCE-I) for visible light versus pulsed IR light perceived through 2P absorption.
  • To investigate whether photoreceptor directionality differs between conventional one-photon and 2P excitation pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 11 participants to assess the visual perception of visible and IR light stimuli.
  • Measured the Stiles-Crawford effect by analyzing perceived brightness changes based on the location of light entry within the pupil.
  • Quantified the characteristic directionality parameter for both visible and IR light conditions.

Main Results:

  • The average directionality parameter for IR light was 0.080 ± 0.049 mm⁻².
  • The average directionality parameter for visible light was 0.059 ± 0.016 mm⁻².
  • The mean difference between IR and visible light was 0.021 ± 0.039 mm⁻² (p=0.11), indicating no statistically significant difference.

Conclusions:

  • Photoreceptor directionality responses appear similar for both conventional one-photon (visible light) and two-photon (IR light) excitation.
  • The Stiles-Crawford effect intensity is comparable across visible and IR light perceived via 2P absorption.
  • These findings support the notion of unified visual processing mechanisms regardless of excitation pathway.