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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers

Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers

Published on: August 31, 2021

Upconversion particle-based optical tweezers for sensing applications.

Tiange Zhang¹, Fengchan Zhang^2,3, Xuchen Shan⁴

¹School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Nature Protocols

|January 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details building holographic optical tweezers using upconversion particles (UCPs) for precise subfemtonewton force sensing. The system enables multiplexed sensing of temperature and viscosity with high sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

Photonics and Nanotechnology
Biophysics and Nanosensing

Background:

Optical tweezers are crucial for manipulating micro/nanoparticles and force sensing.
Upconversion particles (UCPs) offer unique anti-Stokes emission for enhanced visualization and property detection.
Nanoscale trapping advances enable multiplexed sensing of temperature and viscosity.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide detailed instructions for constructing UCP-based holographic optical tweezers.
To demonstrate subfemtonewton force sensing capabilities.
To enable multiplexed temperature and viscosity measurements.

Main Methods:

Holographic optical tweezers system construction with UCPs.
Super-resolved photonic force microscopy and fluorescence optical tweezers implementation.
Nanoprobe functionalization, force calibration, and spectral analysis for sensing.

Main Results:

Characterization of a system for subfemtonewton force sensing.
Successful demonstration of temperature and viscosity sensing using UCPs.
Validation of force sensitivity and comparison with known forces.

Conclusions:

UCP-based holographic optical tweezers offer a robust platform for advanced force sensing.
The developed system facilitates multiplexed measurements of physical properties.
This work provides a comprehensive protocol for researchers in photonics and nanosensing.