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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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HIV-Associated Complications: A Systems-Based Approach.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Antiretroviral therapy has made HIV a chronic condition, but complications like cardiometabolic issues and neurocognitive impairment persist. Primary care is crucial for managing HIV-associated conditions through screening and lifestyle counseling.

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    Area of Science:

    • Internal Medicine
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition, improving life expectancy.
    • Despite ART, people with HIV (PWH) experience persistent immune activation, inflammation, and lifestyle factors contributing to complications.
    • Newer ART, like integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimens, offer better tolerability and fewer systemic issues.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review common HIV-associated non-AIDS-defining complications.
    • To highlight the role of primary care in managing these conditions.
    • To discuss current management strategies for prevalent comorbidities.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of HIV-associated complications and management.
    • Synthesis of evidence on newer ART regimens and their impact.
    • Focus on primary care screening, counseling, and coordinated management.

    Main Results:

    • Cardiometabolic issues (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, body composition changes, osteoporosis) are prevalent.
    • Neurocognitive impairment and distal sensory polyneuropathy persist despite viral suppression.
    • Other common complications include chronic kidney disease, increased STIs, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and hematologic issues.
    • Cancer risk is elevated due to cytopenias and clonal hematopoiesis.

    Conclusions:

    • HIV management requires addressing persistent complications beyond viral suppression.
    • Primary care clinicians are essential for routine screening, lifestyle counseling, and coordinated care for PWH.
    • Ongoing assessment and management of comorbidities are vital for long-term health in PWH.