Differentiable modelling and optimization of multi-planar slicing for multi-axis additive manufacturing
1Sustainable Design Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, 2628CE Delft, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands.
Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization : Journal of the International Society for Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization
|January 23, 2026
Summary
Multi-planar deposition in wire arc additive manufacturing significantly reduces distortion by using distinct printing directions for each sub-part. This novel approach offers an order-of-magnitude improvement over traditional methods for complex geometries.
Area of Science:
- Manufacturing Engineering
- Materials Science & Engineering
Background:
- Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) faces challenges with residual stresses and distortions.
- Multi-axis additive manufacturing offers potential solutions through advanced deposition strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a novel continuous and differentiable formulation for multi-planar slicing in WAAM.
- To reduce distortion in WAAM by optimizing deposition strategies.
Main Methods:
- A pseudo-time field parameterizes the part segmentation into sub-parts.
- An orientation field defines distinct printing directions for each sub-part.
- Gradient-based optimization is enabled by the differentiable formulation.
Main Results:
- The multi-planar deposition strategy was applied to reduce distortion in WAAM.
- Numerical examples with complex geometries (holes, overhangs, underhangs) were tested.
- Distortion was reduced by an order of magnitude compared to conventional planar strategies.
Conclusions:
- The proposed differentiable multi-planar slicing formulation effectively reduces distortion in WAAM.
- This method is suitable for complex geometries and offers significant improvements over planar strategies.
Related Concept Videos
01:22Multi-input and Multi-variable systems
403
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
In the absence of...
403
02:31Multi-Step Reactions
8.7K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
8.7K
02:51Multi-species Conserved Sequences
4.6K
Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...
4.6K
02:46Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes
48.3K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
48.3K
01:29Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER
17.9K
The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
The multipass transmembrane proteins are the type IV integral membrane proteins with multiple topogenic sequences determining their spatial arrangement in the ER membrane. Nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable signal sequence and use...
The multipass transmembrane proteins are the type IV integral membrane proteins with multiple topogenic sequences determining their spatial arrangement in the ER membrane. Nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable signal sequence and use...
17.9K
01:27Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)
4.2K
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...
4.2K