Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer and Premalignant Gastric Conditions

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cause of preventable cancer death worldwide. Endoscopic screening is the gold standard for early detection, but due to logistical and cost barriers, organized efforts are limited to select high-incidence countries. Biomarkers applied to GC prevention may provide an adjunctive strategy, by targeting multiple aspects of GC carcinogenesis including Helicobacter pylori infection, premalignant changes, and genetic aberrancies. While no single biomarker is sufficient, combination panels show potential. We summarize evidence on biomarkers for risk stratification of gastric premalignant conditions and GC early detection, outlining knowledge gaps and future directions to advance prevention efforts.