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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

12.0K
The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Related Rates01:18

Related Rates

51
When two or more physical quantities are linked by a single relationship, a change in one variable necessarily affects the others. This interdependence forms the basis of related rates analysis, which examines how different quantities change with respect to time. A classic physical example is an expanding balloon, where the size of the balloon changes continuously as air is added.For a hot air balloon, the inflated envelope is commonly idealized as a perfect sphere to simplify mathematical...
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Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Overview
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
29.0K
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

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Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
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Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

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Pacemaker Implantation Rates With the Self-Expandable Navitor Valve.

Michael Paukovitsch1, Moritz Konjack1, Dominik Felbel1

  • 1Department of Cardiology Ulm University Heart Center Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 89081 Ulm Germany.

Journal of the American Heart Association
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the Navitor self-expandable valve shows higher rates of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) compared to the Evolut system. High implantation depth may reduce PPI rates for Navitor, making outcomes comparable to other self-expandable valves.

Keywords:
permanent pacemaker implantationself‐expandable valvestranscatheter aortic valve replacement

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Self-expandable valves in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are associated with higher permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) rates than balloon-expandable systems.
  • The Navitor prosthesis is a novel, tubular-shaped self-expandable valve with increasing clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare 30-day PPI rates between the Navitor and Evolut self-expandable TAVR systems.
  • To investigate factors influencing PPI rates with the Navitor prosthesis.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study of 148 patients receiving the Navitor system and 165 patients receiving the Evolut system.
  • Exclusion of patients with pre-existing PPI, high-risk ECG, or specific prosthesis sizes.
  • Multivariable logistic regression analysis to adjust for baseline differences.

Main Results:

  • The Navitor group was older and had a higher predicted mortality risk.
  • Overall PPI rates were significantly higher with Navitor (17.6%) versus Evolut (6.7%), persisting after adjustment.
  • In patients with small annuli, PPI rates were similar between the two systems.
  • Higher PPI rates were observed with larger Navitor prostheses (27/29mm).
  • Deeper implantation depth was associated with lower PPI rates in the Navitor cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Navitor TAVR may have PPI rates comparable to other self-expandable valves, depending on prosthesis size.
  • Optimizing implantation depth for the Navitor prosthesis could potentially reduce PPI rates.