Electrides: Emerging electronic materials for catalysis

Electrides are emerging materials that exhibit a unique electronic structure, where electrons, unbound to specific atomic nuclei, act as anions within periodic lattice vacancies. The most characteristic feature of an electride is its low work function (Φ_WF < ∼3.5 eV), comparable to alkali metals, making it a highly promising electron donor in chemical reactions. In this paper, we summarized recent applications of variable electrides in various reactions, especially as catalysts. We thoroughly explored their unique behaviors and demonstrated their broad applicability in multiple reactions, such as selective hydrogenation, carbon-carbon coupling reactions, and electrocatalysis. In addition, we discussed the current challenges of electrides with active electron anions and highlighted their substantial potential for application in future advancements. This review provides fundamental guidance for utilizing high-performance electride-based materials in various chemical reactions, mainly focusing on heterogeneous catalysis.