Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

10.9K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
10.9K
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

6.3K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
6.3K
Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

200.9K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
200.9K
Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

14.5K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
14.5K
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

60.7K
Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
60.7K
Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

25.5K
The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
25.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transcriptomic Profiling of Diabetic Porcine Wound Healing Model Identifies Key Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Pathways.

Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society·2026
Same author

Heterogeneous immune cell composition in patients with combined immunodeficiency.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Common and rare variants in complement genes as biomarkers of COVID-19 infection and severity. A lesson to learn for emerging pathogens.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Small intestine microbiota development prevents early-life adiposity via IL-22-mediated intestinal PPARα suppression.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Nitrate-mediated luminal expansion of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium is dependent on the ER stress protein CHOP.

mBio·2026
Same author

Pyoderma gangrenosum caused by the molecular uncoupling of OTULIN catalytic activity and LUBAC binding.

Nature immunology·2026
Same journal

Predicting Chemotherapy Response from Staging Laparoscopy Images.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same journal

Development and External Validation of a Machine Learning Model for 10-Year Ischemic Stroke Risk Prediction in Diverse Populations.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same journal

MCH-Guard: Multimodal Machine Learning Framework for Risk Stratification of Cerebral Microhemorrhage Risk in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same journal

Genetic and maternal environmental contributions to estimated fetal weight at 20 weeks gestation compared with birthweight.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same journal

Better immediate declarative memory is associated with forgetting during locomotor adaptation in chronic stroke and in older adults.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same journal

An empirical Bayes framework for burden and dispersion association tests helps prioritize rare variants associated with Alzheimer's disease.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches
09:04

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches

Published on: October 27, 2013

15.0K

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis caused by Complement C2 Deficiency.

Jian Cui1,2, Colleen M Roark1,2, Nerea Domínguez-Pinilla3

  • 1Division of Genetic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, fatal infection. This study found a complement component 2 (C2) deficiency caused susceptibility, highlighting the complement system's role in fighting Naegleria fowleri.

Keywords:
Inborn error of immunity (IEI)Naegleria fowleriPrimary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)complement C2 deficiencycomplement systeminnate immunity

More Related Videos

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion
06:17

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

Published on: February 5, 2010

22.7K
Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

31.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches
09:04

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches

Published on: October 27, 2013

15.0K
Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion
06:17

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

Published on: February 5, 2010

22.7K
Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

31.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a severe CNS infection caused by Naegleria fowleri.
  • Host vulnerability, not just exposure, is crucial for PAM development.
  • Immune mechanisms of protection and susceptibility to N. fowleri are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate immune and genetic factors in a rare PAM survivor.
  • Identify host vulnerabilities contributing to Naegleria fowleri susceptibility.
  • Elucidate the role of the complement system in combating N. fowleri.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive clinical, immunological, and genetic analysis of a PAM survivor.
  • High-dimensional immune profiling (CyTOF) and whole-exome sequencing (WES).
  • In vitro functional assays for serum-mediated amoebicidal activity.

Main Results:

  • A PAM survivor with a homozygous deletion in the complement component 2 (C2) gene was identified.
  • The C2 deficiency abolished classical complement pathway activity and membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition.
  • Patient's serum lacked N. fowleri amoebicidal activity, which was restored by adding purified C2.

Conclusions:

  • PAM can result from a monogenic inborn error of immunity (IEI).
  • The complement system is critical for human defense against Naegleria fowleri.
  • C2 deficiency represents a novel susceptibility factor for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.