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Automated Systems and Early Mobilization Programs for Bedridden Patients: A Systematic Review
Andreu Ferrer-Franquesa1, Joan Enric Torra-Bou, David Barranco-I-Reixachs
1Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain (Mr Ferrer-Franquesa, Drs Barranco-I-Reixachs and Bravo); University School of Nursing and Occupational Therapy of Terrassa (EUIT), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain (Mr Ferrer-Franquesa); Unitat de Ferides Complexes. Fundació Hospital Santa Creu de Vic- Consorci Hospitalari de Vic, Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Torra-Bou); Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), University of Vic- Central University of Catalonia (UVIC-UCC), Fundació Hospital Universitari de la Santa Creu de Vic, and Hospital Universitari de Vic, Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Dr Torra-Bou); Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Grup d'Estudis Societat, Salut, Educació i Cultura, GESEC, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain (Dr Bravo); and Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain (Dr Bravo).
Introduction:
Patients with reduced mobility face elevated risks of complications, including pressure ulcers and functional decline. Automated beds and robotic mobility systems are emerging tools to support early mobilization and reduce caregiver burden, but their overall impact remains unclear.
Objective:
To systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness of automated bed systems and robotic mobility technologies compared to conventional care in improving clinical and functional outcomes in immobile adult patients.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar from inception to September 29, 2025. Eligible studies included adults (≥18 years) with neurological conditions or immobility receiving automated or robotic mobilization interventions compared with standard care. Outcomes of interest were motor function, quality of life, hemodynamic stability, caregiver workload, and cost-effectiveness. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed with validated tools. A narrative synthesis was performed due to heterogeneity in study design and outcomes.
Results:
Nine studies involving 380 patients met the inclusion criteria. Robotic and automated systems were associated with improved functional outcomes, reduced incidence of pressure injuries, and enhanced caregiver efficiency. Heterogeneity in study design and intervention protocols precluded meta-analysis.
Conclusion:
Automated and robotic mobility systems may support early mobilization and improve care outcomes in immobile patients. Further high-quality studies are needed to confirm their long-term clinical and economic benefits.
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