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Underutilization of Bacteriological Testing in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Single-center Study from
Barış Çil1, Mehmet Sinan Bodur2, Mehmet Kabak3
1Clinic of Pulmonology, Mardin Training and Research Hospital, Mardin, Türkiye.
Thoracic Research and Practice
|February 27, 2026
Summary
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) diagnosis is challenging, with low bacteriological confirmation rates and underused tests. Improving sampling and molecular testing is crucial for accurate EPTB diagnosis.
Area of Science:
- Medical Microbiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) presents diagnostic difficulties due to low bacillus load.
- Bacteriological testing for EPTB is often limited, impacting accurate diagnosis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate bacteriological confirmation rates for EPTB.
- To assess diagnostic methods and sampling practices in EPTB cases in Türkiye.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 456 tuberculosis (TB) cases diagnosed between 2014-2019.
- Classification of cases into pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), EPTB, and mixed involvement.
- Comparison of bacteriological and histopathological confirmation rates between PTB and EPTB groups.
Main Results:
- EPTB accounted for 41.0% of cases, with lymph node TB being most common (22.4%).
- Bacteriological confirmation was significantly lower in EPTB (AFB smear 3.2%, culture 4.3%) compared to PTB (AFB smear 71.4%, culture 66.5%).
- Histopathological confirmation was high in EPTB (88.8%), but no bacteriological samples were collected from 63.1% of EPTB patients.
Conclusions:
- Bacteriological tests are underused and inefficient for EPTB diagnosis.
- Histopathology is the primary diagnostic method for EPTB in this cohort.
- Enhanced sampling strategies and rapid molecular tests are essential for improving EPTB bacteriological validation.
Keywords:
AFB (acid-fast bacilli)Tuberculosisbacteriological confirmationcultureextrapulmonary tuberculosishistopathologyMore Related Videos
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