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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Electrodeposition01:08

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Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
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Electrochemical Cells01:28

Electrochemical Cells

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Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Iodine-Based Electrolyte Chemistry Enabling Reversible Ca Metal Anodes.

Zhen Hou1,2, Kai Liu1, Rui Zhou2

  • 1Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.

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|February 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New iodine-based electrolytes offer a simpler alternative to boron-based options for calcium-ion batteries. These electrolytes improve calcium deposition and stripping, enhancing battery performance and stability.

Keywords:
Ca metalelectrolyteiodinesolid electrolyte interphase

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Irreversible calcium deposition/stripping in batteries is caused by ionic-insulating solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs).
  • Current research focuses on complex boron-based electrolytes, neglecting others due to poor electrochemical response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, easily synthesized electrolyte for calcium-ion batteries.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing boron-based electrolytes and improve calcium ion transport.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated iodine-based electrolytes using CaI2 salt and auxiliary iodides.
  • Analyzed the reconfiguration of electrical double-layer structures and ion transport mechanisms.
  • Fabricated and tested full cells with calcium metal anodes and organic cathodes.

Main Results:

  • Optimized iodine electrolytes achieved 96.5% average Coulombic efficiency at 0.5 mAh cm-2.
  • Demonstrated good calcium reversibility at a high current density of 1.5 mA cm-2.
  • Full cells delivered ~2.1 V with over 250 cycles of stability.

Conclusions:

  • Iodine-based electrolytes provide a promising, high-performance alternative to boron-based systems for calcium-ion batteries.
  • This work expands the scope of electrolyte chemistry for efficient calcium-based energy storage systems.