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Related Experiment Video

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Competition Matters!

Markus Spilles1

  • 1School of Education, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.

Experimental Psychology
|March 12, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The competitive Good Behavior Game (GBG) significantly improved peer relationships, unlike the noncompetitive format. Student rule compliance also positively impacted sociometric ratings, enhancing classroom social skills.

Keywords:
Good Behavior Gamecompetitionpeer relationshipssocial identity theorysocial skills deficit model

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Classroom Management Strategies
  • Social Development in Children

Background:

  • The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a recognized classroom management technique.
  • Its effects on peer relationships are not well understood.
  • Theoretical frameworks include Social Identity Theory and the Social Skills Deficit Model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different GBG formats (competitive vs. noncompetitive) on students' sociometric ratings.
  • To examine the influence of team membership and peer-perceived rule compliance on peer relationships.
  • To understand how GBG influences social dynamics within elementary classrooms.

Main Methods:

  • A quasi-experimental study involving 609 third- and fourth-grade students across 34 classes.
  • Random assignment of classes to competitive or noncompetitive GBG formats.
  • Sociometric ratings collected pre- and post-intervention, analyzed using cross-classified multilevel modeling.

    • Main Results:

    • A significant interaction was found between time and GBG format, with sociometric ratings increasing more in the competitive format.
    • Team membership did not significantly affect sociometric ratings.
    • Higher peer-perceived rule compliance correlated with greater increases in sociometric ratings.

    Conclusions:

    • A competitive GBG format can enhance peer relationships in elementary schools.
    • Student adherence to classroom rules is crucial for improving social standing.
    • Findings suggest tailoring GBG implementation to foster positive social interactions.