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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiota and Microbiome.

Ozgenur Hacioglu1

  • 1Kirklareli University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kirklareli, Türkiye. ozgenuryilmaz@klu.edu.tr.

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
|March 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms influencing health. Disruptions (dysbiosis) are linked to diseases, making microbiome research vital for future medicine.

Keywords:
DysbiosisHost–microbe interactionHuman microbiomeHuman microbiotaMicrobial diversityMicrobiome-based therapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The human body hosts a complex ecosystem of microorganisms (microbiota) across various sites.
  • The microbiota's collective genetic material (microbiome) dictates its functional capabilities.
  • These microbial communities interact with the host, influencing physiology and health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the human microbiota and microbiome.
  • To elucidate their roles in host health and homeostasis.
  • To highlight the implications of microbial dysbiosis in disease.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract describes the conceptual framework and significance of microbiota and microbiome research.
  • It emphasizes the importance of analyzing microbial composition and function.
  • It reviews the established roles in health and disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • A healthy microbiota supports immune development, digestion, and barrier integrity.
  • Microbial dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Microbiome analysis reveals metabolic capacity and host-microbe interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiota and microbiome are crucial for maintaining human health.
  • Dysbiosis is a significant factor in various pathological conditions.
  • Microbiome research is fundamental for understanding disease and developing future medical interventions.