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Microcracking in Concrete01:20

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Enhancing Ultrasonic Crack Sizing Accuracy in Rails: The Role of Effective Velocity and Hilbert Envelope Extraction.

Trung Thanh Ho1, Toan Thanh Dao1

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Transport and Communications, No. 3, Cau Giay Street, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.

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Summary

This study improves ultrasonic rail inspection by calibrating wave speed in cracks, achieving highly accurate surface-breaking crack depth estimation. Optimized excitation enhances signal quality for precise non-destructive evaluation.

Keywords:
Hilbert transformcrack depth estimationdigital signal processingeffective velocitynon-destructive testingultrasonic testing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Non-Destructive Testing
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Conventional ultrasonic testing for railway rails uses Time-of-Flight (ToF) with simplified wave propagation assumptions.
  • Existing methods often neglect complex waveform characteristics and use a standard speed of sound in air (343 m/s) for crack analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust depth estimation framework for surface-breaking cracks in railway rails.
  • To enhance sizing accuracy by incorporating effective velocity calibration and advanced signal processing techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed an effective velocity model derived from in situ calibration, accounting for viscosity and thermal effects in narrow crack geometries.
  • Implemented a signal processing chain including spectral analysis, band-pass filtering, and Hilbert Transform-based envelope detection.
  • Optimized excitation parameters, identifying high-voltage (≥110 V) and specific pulse width (≈150 ns) for improved signal-to-noise ratio.

Main Results:

  • Achieved exceptional linear correlation (R² ≈ 0.9976) in experimental validation on steel specimens with defects from 0.2-10.0 mm.
  • Determined a calibrated effective velocity of 289.3 m/s, 15.6% lower than the speed of sound in air, due to confinement effects.
  • Demonstrated significant reduction in systematic errors by combining physical model calibration with advanced signal analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework significantly enhances the accuracy of surface-breaking crack depth estimation in railway rails.
  • The findings support the development of portable, high-precision rail inspection systems.
  • Accurate velocity calibration and advanced signal processing are crucial for reliable non-destructive evaluation.