Programmable Soft Matter: Shaping Function

Motivated by living systems that employ shape morphing to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, we review approaches to realize shape change in polymeric soft materials. We classify these shape morphing materials as those that respond extrinsically, release stored energy, or respond intrinsically. Furthermore, many of the biological functions that serve as inspiration for shape morphing are executed via integrated sensing, feedback, and mechanical response mechanisms. We classify these biological systems as having autonomous multifunctionality due to the lack of need for external intervention in implementing their shape morphing functions in dynamic environments. In that context, we highlight recent reports that introduce varying degrees of autonomy into responsive shape-changing materials. These advances offer a blueprint for materials that sense, decide, and evolve within their environment.