Traditional Herbs in Asthma Management: Mechanisms of Action

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease that affects millions of individuals globally, with its prevalence steadily rising. Over the past decade, extensive research has been conducted to unravel the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying asthma. Among these, aberrant T helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation is pivotal, primarily mediated by cytokines such as IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13. Studies indicate that approximately 50% of mild-to-moderate asthma cases and a substantial proportion of chronic asthma cases are driven by Th2-dependent immune responses. In contrast, Th2-low asthma, which does not rely on Th2 cytokines, is mediated by alternative inflammatory pathways involving IL-17 and TNF-α. Recent findings suggest that asthma pathogenesis is not solely dependent on inflammation. Emerging evidence highlights the role of non-inflammatory mechanisms, including protein kinases, adapter proteins, ORMDL3, gasdermin B, and microRNAs, in driving disease progression. These molecules contribute to airway remodeling, hyper-responsiveness, and immune dysregulation, independent of classical inflammatory pathways. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has long been recognized as a complementary and alternative therapeutic approach for managing asthma. In recent years, scientific research has increasingly validated the efficacy of TCM in alleviating asthma symptoms, making it a focal point for novel drug discovery. Active compounds extracted from Chinese medicinal plants have demonstrated potential in regulating immune responses and modulating key signaling pathways involved in asthma progression. These bioactive ingredients exert their effects at multiple levels, restoring immune equilibrium, reducing airway inflammation, and mitigating bronchial hyperreactivity. By integrating modern scientific methodologies with traditional knowledge, the exploration of Chinese herbal medicine has the potential to yield innovative and effective treatment strategies for asthma, offering new hope to patients worldwide.