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Related Concept Videos

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 2, 2026

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Immunotherapeutic Strategies Targeting GD2-Expressing Malignancies.

Jung-Tung Hung1, Shih-Pin Chiou1, Alice L Yu2,3

  • 1Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Carbohydrate antigen GD2 is a promising target for neuroblastoma and other cancers. Various immunotherapies targeting GD2, including antibodies and cell-based therapies, are advancing cancer treatment.

Keywords:
Bispecific antibodyCAR-T cellChimeric antibodyDinutuximabGD2ImmunocytokineVaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry

Background:

  • GD2 is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen.
  • Historically, cancer therapies focused on protein targets, but GD2 targeting represents a shift.
  • GD2 is expressed in high-risk neuroblastoma, melanoma, glioma, small cell lung cancer, and sarcoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the therapeutic strategies targeting GD2.
  • To highlight the significance of GD2 as an immunotherapeutic target.
  • To inform the design of effective combination therapies for GD2-expressing tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on GD2-targeting immunotherapies.
  • Analysis of various therapeutic modalities including antibodies, immunocytokines, CAR-T/NKT cells, and vaccines.
  • Evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each approach.

Main Results:

  • The FDA approval of dinutuximab established carbohydrates like GD2 as viable therapeutic targets.
  • Anti-GD2 therapies are now a standard for high-risk neuroblastoma.
  • Diverse strategies targeting GD2 have been developed, including antibodies, immunocytokines, CAR-T/NKT cells, and vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • GD2 is a validated and crucial immunotherapeutic target for neuroblastoma and other cancers.
  • A comprehensive understanding of different GD2-targeting modalities is essential for improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research into combination therapies is needed to enhance treatment efficacy for GD2-expressing malignancies.