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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications
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Nonspherical polymer nano/micro particles: a guide to shape engineering.

Jeremiah James1,2, Emma Leung2, Rong Yang1

  • 1Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. ryang@cornell.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shape-engineered polymer particles offer enhanced performance in applications like drug delivery. This review details over 70 geometries and the fabrication mechanisms, providing a roadmap for creating advanced polymer materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Commercial polymer particles are predominantly spherical, limiting performance benefits achievable through shape engineering.
  • Shape-engineered polymer particles offer advantages in drug delivery, including longer circulation and targeted penetration.
  • A mechanism-centric roadmap linking fabrication to polymer particle morphology has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and categorize diverse polymer particle geometries and their fabrication mechanisms.
  • To provide a roadmap connecting polymer particle shape to underlying physicochemical principles.
  • To accelerate the design and synthesis of shape-engineered soft materials.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical deformation of spherical particles (stretching, compression, shear).
  • Lithographic and template-molding platforms for complex shapes.
  • Seeded emulsion polymerization and polymerization under shear for intricate architectures.
  • Template-free techniques like plasticization, condensed-droplet polymerization, and electrospraying.

Main Results:

  • Cataloged over 70 documented polymer particle geometries.
  • Detailed the physicochemical principles governing shape formation via various methods.
  • Demonstrated methods for creating diverse shapes from simple deformations to complex architectures like lobed, Janus, and porous particles.
  • Highlighted emerging template-free techniques for asymmetric shapes.

Conclusions:

  • Fabrication methods are categorized by underlying mechanisms, enabling targeted shape engineering.
  • Shape engineering unlocks significant performance gains in polymer micro- and nanoparticles.
  • Future directions emphasize green chemistry and scalable processes for societal impact in healthcare, materials, and robotics.