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Exercise biomarkers.

Michael Siebers1, Daniel Alexander Bizjak2, Marijke Grau3

  • 1Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Forensic Psychiatry, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Advances in Clinical Chemistry
|April 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter examines biomarkers for endurance exercise, including cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormonal markers. These indicators help monitor training, stress, recovery, and long-term health for athletes and patients.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCardiovascular adaptationEndurance exerciseExercise physiologyHormonal responsesInflammatory MarkersMetabolic ParametersNeuromodulationRunner’s HighTraining Monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Biomarker research
  • Sports science

Background:

  • Endurance exercise significantly impacts systemic physiological functions.
  • Monitoring training adaptation and physiological stress is crucial for athletes and clinical populations.
  • A comprehensive understanding of biomarkers aids in optimizing performance and health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore diverse biomarkers associated with endurance exercise.
  • To highlight the relevance of these biomarkers for monitoring training adaptation, physiological stress, recovery, and long-term health.
  • To provide an integrative framework for evaluating endurance training and supporting health strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and emerging biomarkers across cardiovascular, metabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, and neuromodulatory systems.
  • Discussion of physiological parameters like resting heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and VO₂max.
  • Exploration of molecular indicators such as oxidative stress markers, PGC-1α, microRNAs, and neuromodulators (e.g., β-endorphins, endocannabinoids, BDNF).

Main Results:

  • Cardiovascular parameters serve as established indicators of fitness and autonomic regulation.
  • Emerging biomarkers offer insights into mitochondrial function, cellular adaptation, mood, and pain perception.
  • Neuromodulators are linked to the 'Runner's High' phenomenon, influencing mood and pain sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Biomarkers provide valuable insights into the systemic effects of physical activity.
  • An integrative framework of biomarkers is essential for evaluating endurance training and optimizing performance.
  • These biomarkers support preventive health strategies in both athletic and clinical settings.