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Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

School Start Times in Alabama.

Rebecca Williams¹, Anna M Pyle¹, Caroline G Richter¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

The Journal of School Health

|April 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Later school start times (SSTs) benefit adolescent health, academics, and safety. Implementing later SSTs in Alabama could reduce health disparities and improve student well-being.

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Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

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Published on: August 8, 2019

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Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

Area of Science:

Public Health
Sleep Medicine
Adolescent Health

Background:

Many Alabama children experience insufficient sleep, falling below recommended durations.
Current school start times (SSTs) in Alabama often precede the 8:30 am recommendation, impacting adolescent health.
Early SSTs conflict with adolescent circadian rhythms, leading to sleep deprivation and negative health consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence on later school start times (SSTs).
To examine equity implications of SSTs in Alabama.
To discuss implementation considerations for later SSTs in Alabama.

Main Methods:

Literature review of evidence on school start times.
Analysis of equity implications in Alabama.
Discussion of implementation challenges and strategies.

Main Results:

Later SSTs are linked to improved adolescent physical and mental health.
Evidence supports later SSTs for better academic performance and reduced accident rates.
Later SSTs can mitigate existing racial/ethnic and socioeconomic health disparities.

Conclusions:

Later school start times are crucial for adolescent health and well-being.
Implementing later SSTs in Alabama presents an opportunity to address health inequities.
Legislative action and strategic planning are needed to adopt later SSTs for Alabama's middle and high schools.