Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

1.5K
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
1.5K
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

659
Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
659
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

1.9K
Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
1.9K
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

556
Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
556
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

1.5K
1.5K
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

727
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
727

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unseen and underserved: the first multifactorial assessment of mental health among Paraguayan male prisoners.

Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same author

Prescribing Antidepressants for Elite Athletes: Is There Evidence to Support Best Practices in Sports Psychiatry? A Scoping Review.

Sports medicine - open·2026
Same author

[The mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction in older adults].

Revista espanola de geriatria y gerontologia·2026
Same author

Research priorities for advancing mental health in elite sport: a companion to the IOC consensus statement on mental health in elite athletes.

British journal of sports medicine·2026
Same author

Substance use patterns in elite athletes: a scoping review of alcohol, performance-enhancing drugs and other psychoactive substances.

British journal of sports medicine·2026
Same author

Contextualising the IOC consensus statement on mental health in elite athletes for low- and middle-income countries.

British journal of sports medicine·2026
Same journal

<i>Garcinia indica</i>: A Multifaceted Phytomedicine Bridging Nutrition and Therapy.

Current drug research reviews·2026
Same journal

Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Topical Management of Superficial Fungal Infections: A Detailed Review.

Current drug research reviews·2026
Same journal

Effectiveness of Empirical Tacrolimus Dosing in Renal Graft Immunosuppression.

Current drug research reviews·2026
Same journal

Decoding the Role of Nutrition and Foods in Augmenting Athletes Performance: A Review.

Current drug research reviews·2026
Same journal

From Tradition to Trend: Scrutinizing the Logic behind Plant-based Drug Discovery.

Current drug research reviews·2026
Same journal

Lactobacillus plantarum as a Novel Modulator of Immune and Behavioral Recovery in Substance Use Disorders: A Hypothesis.

Current drug research reviews·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.8K

Treatment-refractory Addictions: Clinical Characterization and an Operational Model for Integrated Management.

Julio Torales1,2,3, Anthon Daniel Torres-Romero1, Marcela Waisman-Campos4

  • 1Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Grupo de Investigación sobre Epidemiología de los Trastornos Mentales, Psicopatología y Neurociencias, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.

Current Drug Research Reviews
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Treatment-resistant addiction is a complex issue characterized by persistent substance abuse and multiple failures. This study proposes new criteria for identifying true refractoriness and outlines an integrated treatment model for improved patient care.

Keywords:
Substance-related disorderscognitive behavioral therapyneuromodulation.pharmacological treatmentstreatment-resistant conditions

More Related Videos

Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods
09:29

Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods

Published on: August 4, 2022

2.9K
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
05:12

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

Published on: June 23, 2023

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.8K
Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods
09:29

Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods

Published on: August 4, 2022

2.9K
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
05:12

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

Published on: June 23, 2023

1.7K

Area of Science:

  • Addiction Medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • A significant challenge in mental health is addiction unresponsive to standard treatments.
  • This lack of response is often associated with persistent substance abuse, treatment failures, co-occurring psychiatric conditions, and social instability.
  • Current diagnostic criteria are not standardized, hindering patient identification, research comparison, and treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an initial framework for understanding treatment-resistant addiction.
  • To establish functional criteria for identifying true treatment refractoriness.
  • To review and propose integrated treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized existing data on treatment-resistant addiction.
  • Adapted criteria from treatment-resistant depression and schizophrenia frameworks.
  • Reviewed current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.
  • Proposed an integrated, team-based operational system for diagnosis and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Proposed criteria for treatment refractoriness include multiple treatment failures, ongoing disability, complex comorbidities, and inadequate response to optimal protocols.
  • Differentiated true refractoriness from pseudo-resistance (misdiagnosis, insufficient treatment).
  • Identified clinical signs such as impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, trauma history, and psychiatric comorbidities.
  • Evaluated novel treatments including GLP-1 receptor agonists, ketamine, cannabidiol, neuromodulation, and psychotherapies (ACT, DBT, MBRP, CRA).

Conclusions:

  • An operational system integrating diagnostics, personalized medication, psychotherapy, neuro-assessment, and social support is proposed.
  • This model emphasizes a team-based approach and views non-adherence as a clinical issue.
  • Further empirical testing is required to validate the proposed criteria and treatment effectiveness.