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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

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When Animals Turn Inside Out: The Eversion of Bloodworms.

Soohwan Kim¹, Atsingnwi Tuma¹, David Qin¹

¹Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia, 30318, United States.

Bioinspiration & Biomimetics

|April 10, 2026

Summary

Bloodworms rapidly evert their proboscis using internal pressure, withstanding extreme forces safely. This mechanism could inspire new soft robot designs.

Keywords:

bloodworm eversion hydrostatic skeleton pressure-driven soft robots

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Area of Science:

Biomimetics
Zoology
Robotics

Background:

The bloodworm (Glycera dibranchiata) has a unique, rapidly eversible proboscis.
Understanding the mechanics of this rapid eversion is crucial for biological and engineering insights.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the kinematics, pressure dynamics, and material properties of bloodworm proboscis eversion.
To determine the safety criteria for proboscis eversion without rupture.
To analyze the principles of eversion across different animal species.

Main Methods:

Experimental characterization of bloodworm eversion.
Measurement of proboscis kinematics and internal pressures.
Analysis of material properties and strain tolerance.
Dimensional analysis of eversion across taxa.

Main Results:

Bloodworm proboscis can withstand pressures and bending strains significantly higher than observed during eversion.
A dimensional analysis revealed that various everting animals do not adhere to Froude's law.
The study provides quantitative data on the forces and material limits involved in rapid proboscis extension.

Conclusions:

Bloodworm proboscis eversion is a robust process with high safety margins against rupture.
The findings challenge existing models of eversion based on Froude's law.
This research offers valuable insights for designing efficient, pressure-driven soft robots with reliable retraction mechanisms.