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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

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Understanding the Swelling Behavior of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels through a Kinetic Modeling.

Vinicius Duarte Machado¹, Michele Karoline Lima-Tenório¹, Ernandes Taveira Tenório-Neto¹

¹Laboratory of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials (LMPM), Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, Paraná CEP: 84030-900, Brazil.

ACS Polymers Au

|April 13, 2026

Summary

A new physical model accurately describes hydrogel swelling kinetics, capturing complex behaviors like overshooting. This model unifies Fickian diffusion and macromolecular relaxation for improved hydrogel design.

Keywords:

hydrogel mathematical modeling mechanism overshoot swelling

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Published on: October 29, 2013

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Published on: October 26, 2016

Area of Science:

Polymer Science
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Hydrogels are crucial in drug delivery, agriculture, and environmental tech.
Swelling behavior dictates hydrogel performance and applicability.
Existing models like the power-law fail to capture complex swelling phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a comprehensive physical model for hydrogel swelling kinetics.
To unify Fickian diffusion and macromolecular relaxation in a single framework.
To provide a tool for accurate hydrogel design and mechanistic interpretation.

Main Methods:

Derived a new physical model from fundamental transport concepts.
Incorporated Fickian diffusion and macromolecular relaxation.
Validated the model with experimental swelling data of polysaccharide hydrogels.

Main Results:

The proposed model accurately describes the entire swelling profile, including nonmonotonic behavior.
Classical models emerge as special cases of the new formulation.
Quantified the contributions of diffusion and relaxation to swelling.

Conclusions:

The new model offers a simple, comprehensive tool for analyzing hydrogel swelling.
It enables improved mechanistic interpretation for rational hydrogel design.
Provides guidance for tailoring hydrogel swelling and absorption properties.