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Related Concept Videos

Masonry Paving01:21

Masonry Paving

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The construction of masonry paving involves using materials such as bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units. These materials are chosen for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be installed dry on a thin layer of sand and a gravel base, or they can be embedded in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas subjected to heavy vehicular loads, a rigid base layer of reinforced or unreinforced concrete is recommended. In contrast,...
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Preplaced Aggregate Concrete01:29

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Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
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Aggregate Cement Ratio01:21

Aggregate Cement Ratio

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The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...
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Abrasion Resistance of Concrete01:23

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Abrasion resistance is an essential characteristic of concrete that determines its durability and longevity under various wear conditions. Concrete surfaces are vulnerable to different types of abrasion. For instance, surfaces may wear down due to the constant movement of vehicles or be eroded by solids carried in water, as seen in concrete canal linings. Specific tests are conducted to measure the abrasion resistance of concrete.
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Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate

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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
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Determination of the Friction Coefficients of Icy Pavements Under Different Amounts of Snowfall
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Road Performance of Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Material-Stabilized Reclaimed Base Course Material.

Qi Ma1, Jiuguang Geng1, Peng Wei1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel solid waste-based cementitious material (SWC) effectively stabilizes reclaimed base course material (RBM) for pavement construction. This sustainable alternative offers comparable performance to traditional cement while significantly reducing carbon emissions and shrinkage.

Keywords:
carbon emissionreclaimed materialroad performancesolid waste utilizationstabilization

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Area of Science:

  • Civil Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Large-scale pavement maintenance produces significant reclaimed base course material (RBM).
  • Traditional cement stabilization of RBM faces challenges due to high carbon footprint and shrinkage issues, limiting sustainable reuse.
  • Developing eco-friendly alternatives for RBM stabilization is crucial for sustainable infrastructure development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a 100% solid waste-based cementitious material (SWC) as a sustainable alternative stabilizer for RBM in pavement base layers.
  • To compare the performance of SWC-stabilized RBM (SSRBM) against ordinary Portland cement-stabilized RBM (CSRBM) using key road performance indicators.
  • To assess the environmental benefits, specifically carbon emissions, of using SWC for RBM stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and testing of SWC-stabilized RBM (SSRBM) and ordinary Portland cement-stabilized RBM (CSRBM) specimens.
  • Evaluation of mechanical properties, including 7-day compressive strength and freeze-thaw resistance.
  • Measurement of drying shrinkage and analysis of carbon emissions for both stabilization methods.

Main Results:

  • SSRBM with 4% SWC achieved a 7-day compressive strength of 1.88 MPa using 100% RBM, meeting Chinese specifications.
  • Incorporating 15% natural coarse aggregate increased SSRBM strength by 35.4%.
  • SSRBM exhibited superior freeze-thaw resistance (93.9% retained strength) and lower drying shrinkage compared to CSRBM.
  • Carbon emission analysis indicated approximately 73% lower emissions per cubic meter for SSRBM versus CSRBM.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed 100% solid waste-based cementitious material (SWC) is a viable and environmentally advantageous stabilizer for reclaimed base course material (RBM).
  • SSRBM demonstrates comparable or superior performance to CSRBM in terms of strength, durability, and shrinkage, with significant reductions in carbon footprint.
  • This research offers a sustainable solution for the high-value reuse of RBM in pavement construction, promoting circular economy principles.