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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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The cellular phase of acute inflammation is a tightly orchestrated sequence of events that recruits leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, to sites of tissue injury or infection. Following the initial vascular changes, this phase ensures effective immune cell migration, activation, and function at the affected site to eliminate pathogens and initiate tissue repair.Leukocyte Recruitment CascadeLeukocyte recruitment happens in four steps: margination, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis. Reduced...
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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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When ISG15 is involved in inflammation.

Xueting Feng1, Yingli Qiao2, Shufang Cui1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) regulates inflammation both inside and outside cells. Targeting the ISG15 pathway offers a promising new strategy for treating various inflammatory diseases.

Keywords:
ISG15ISGylationcardiovascular inflammationneuroinflammationskin inflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like molecule crucial for inflammatory response regulation.
  • ISG15 exerts dual functions: intracellular modification of signaling proteins and extracellular cytokine-like activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of ISG15 in diverse inflammatory conditions.
  • To elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying ISG15's involvement in skin, cardiovascular, and neuroinflammation.
  • To identify limitations in current research and highlight therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ISG15 function in inflammation.
  • Analysis of ISG15's intracellular and extracellular mechanisms.
  • Examination of ISG15's role in specific inflammatory diseases.

Main Results:

  • ISG15 modulates type I interferon signaling via intracellular modification.
  • Extracellular ISG15 acts as a cytokine, activating immune cells and promoting inflammation.
  • ISG15 is implicated in the pathogenesis of skin inflammation, cardiovascular inflammation, and neuroinflammation.

Conclusions:

  • ISG15 plays a significant role in various inflammatory diseases through distinct mechanisms.
  • Targeting the ISG15 pathway presents a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory disorders.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand ISG15's complex roles and optimize therapeutic interventions.