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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

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Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic...
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Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

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Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
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Redefining Spasticity: The Spasticity X Working Group Consensus Statement.

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Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
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Peripheral Neuromodulation for Spasticity.

Salvatore Facciorusso1, Stefania Spina1, Nicoletta Cinone1

  • 1Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy; Spinal Cord Rehab. and Functional Recovery Section- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico Foggia", Viale Luigi Pinto 1, Foggia 71122, Italy.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral neuromodulation offers targeted, nonpharmacological treatments for spasticity. These electrical and mechanical techniques improve functional outcomes in neurorehabilitation.

Keywords:
Electrical nerve stimulationExtracorporeal shockwave therapyNeurorehabilitationPeripheral neuromodulationSpasticityVibration therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spasticity is a common motor disorder following neurological injury.
  • Current management often relies on pharmacological interventions with potential side effects.
  • Peripheral neuromodulation presents a promising non-pharmacological alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of peripheral neuromodulation for spasticity.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms and clinical utility of various techniques.
  • To emphasize the potential of these interventions in neurorehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Synthesis of information on electrical and mechanical neuromodulation techniques.
  • Analysis of operative mechanisms and clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral neuromodulation encompasses a range of electrical and mechanical methods.
  • These techniques modulate peripheral nerve activity to reduce spasticity.
  • Evidence suggests potential for improving functional outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral neuromodulation is a viable strategy for spasticity management.
  • It offers targeted, non-pharmacological intervention options.
  • Further research can optimize its role in neurorehabilitation.