Current Concepts to Muscle-Based Procedures to Treat Upper Limb Spasticity: Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Deformities

Spastic forearm, wrist, and hand deformities in isolation or collectively can markedly hinder function and/or provide challenges with hygiene. When muscle contracture is the main contributor to the spastic deformity, muscle-based and tendon-based procedures can effectively correct the abnormal posture. Tendons from expendable muscles can be transferred to the weak or paralyzed muscle to improve the static position of the joint or to restore active function. When employed for the correct underlying pathology, muscle-based procedures can effectively correct the spastic deformity, which can lead to improved quality of life and function.