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Related Concept Videos

RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Comprehensive Spatial Profiling of Species-agnostic Transcriptomes via Stereo-seq
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Comprehensive Spatial Profiling of Species-agnostic Transcriptomes via Stereo-seq

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Advances in Massive Parallel Sequencing: From Genomics to Spatial Transcriptomics.

Tomás Araújo1,2, Margarida Gama-Carvalho3,4

  • 1Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleic acid sequencing technologies have evolved from Sanger sequencing to next-generation and single-cell methods. These advances enable high-throughput, cost-effective analysis of genome structure, gene regulation, and cellular heterogeneity.

Keywords:
Library preparationMassive parallel sequencingNext-generation sequencing (NGS)Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq)Spatial transcriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Nucleic acid sequencing has revolutionized biological research and biotechnology.
  • Systematic analysis of genome structure, gene regulation, and cellular heterogeneity is now possible.
  • Technological advancements have driven significant transformation in the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major technological advances in nucleic acid sequencing.
  • To trace the historical development from Sanger sequencing to modern high-throughput methods.
  • To discuss the progression towards single-cell and spatial transcriptomics.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of sequencing technologies.
  • Examination of Sanger sequencing and its impact.
  • Analysis of next-generation sequencing innovations (massive parallelization, clonal amplification, cyclic chemistries).
  • Discussion of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics.

Main Results:

  • Sanger sequencing enabled early genome-scale analyses.
  • Next-generation sequencing achieved high-throughput and cost-effectiveness.
  • Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics provide cellular and tissue-level resolution.
  • Sequencing platforms have evolved to multimodal, high-resolution systems.

Conclusions:

  • Technological progress has transformed sequencing from linear workflows to comprehensive interrogation platforms.
  • Modern sequencing enables detailed analysis of biological systems at various resolutions.
  • These advancements are crucial for understanding genome structure, gene regulation, and cellular heterogeneity.