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Updated: May 8, 2026

Confocal Microscopy Reveals Cell Surface Receptor Aggregation Through Image Correlation Spectroscopy
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Characterization of a Pixel-level Binarized Autocorrelator for Large Array Multispeckle Diffuse Correlation

Yining Wang, Yiyang Liu, Alistair Gorman

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |May 6, 2026
    PubMed
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    Fiber-Based Ultra-High-Speed Diffuse Speckle Contrast Analysis System for Deep Blood Flow Sensing Using a Large SPAD Camera.

    Biosensors·2025

    We developed a resource-efficient 1-bit autocorrelator for multispeckle diffuse correlation spectroscopy (mDCS) to enable wearable blood flow monitoring. This innovation significantly reduces hardware needs for real-time microvascular measurements.

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Optical Instrumentation
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Multispeckle Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (mDCS) offers real-time microvascular blood flow monitoring in deep tissues.
    • Current mDCS adoption in wearables is hindered by high computational resource demands for autocorrelation.
    • Efficient hardware solutions are crucial for advancing mDCS in portable healthcare applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and validate a resource-efficient 1-bit autocorrelator for in-pixel computation in mDCS systems.
    • To reduce the hardware complexity and resource utilization of mDCS devices for wearable applications.
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of a low-resource mDCS system for continuous blood flow monitoring.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel 1-bit autocorrelator architecture was designed, leveraging photon count binarization for reduced computational complexity.

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  • The 1-bit autocorrelator was implemented on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and tested with Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) inputs.
  • Performance was compared against a conventional 5-bit baseline using a rotating diffuser for characterization and a cuff occlusion test.

    • Main Results:

    • The 1-bit autocorrelator achieved significant reductions in FPGA resource usage: 79% in Look-Up Tables and 29.5% in Flip-Flops compared to the 5-bit baseline.
    • An empirical threshold of 0.7 photon hit probability per lag bin was identified, below which the 1-bit system provides tolerable error in decay time constant estimation.
    • Qualitative results from a cuff occlusion measurement demonstrated the practical viability of the proposed architecture.

    Conclusions:

    • The 1-bit autocorrelator presents a highly scalable and resource-efficient solution for mDCS systems-on-chip.
    • This design facilitates the development of massively parallel mDCS arrays for next-generation wearable healthcare devices.
    • The study validates the potential of low-bitwidth digital signal processing for efficient optical physiological monitoring.