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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.

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Quantification of 14 Major and Minor Cannabinoids with Absorbance-Transmittance Excitation-Emission Matrix

Mostafa A Elhendawy1,2, Adam M Gilmore3, Mohamed M Radwan1,4

  • 1National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
|May 16, 2026
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Summary

A novel spectroscopic technique, Absorbance-Transmittance Excitation-Emission Matrix (A-TEEM), accurately quantifies major and minor cannabinoids in cannabis. This rapid method offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional chromatography for cannabis analysis.

Keywords:
A-TEEMHPLCcannabinoidsfluorescence EEMfluorescence spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Cannabis Science

Background:

  • Cannabis sativa contains over 131 identified phytocannabinoids.
  • Accurate quantification of cannabinoids is crucial for research, quality control, and regulatory compliance.
  • Conventional chromatographic methods can be time-consuming and costly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Absorbance-Transmittance Excitation-Emission Matrix (A-TEEM) spectroscopic technique for cannabinoid quantification.
  • To calibrate and validate machine learning models using A-TEEM data.
  • To compare A-TEEM performance against a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) reference method.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 49 cannabis flower extracts using A-TEEM to quantify 14 cannabinoids.
  • Developed extreme gradient boosting regression models correlating A-TEEM spectral data with HPLC-PDA concentration data.
  • Validated quantitative performance using established HPLC-PDA results.

Main Results:

  • A-TEEM demonstrated rapid, robust, and sensitive quantification of all 14 target cannabinoids.
  • High coefficients of determination (R² up to 0.994) were achieved for major cannabinoids.
  • Achieved low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for all cannabinoid types, including minor ones.
  • Successfully differentiated cannabis chemovars (THC-dominant, CBD-dominant, hybrid) based on A-TEEM profiles.

Conclusions:

  • A-TEEM is a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective method for cannabinoid analysis.
  • Its performance is comparable to HPLC-PDA, with significant advantages in speed and simplicity.
  • A-TEEM is suitable for high-throughput analysis of cannabinoids in cannabis extracts.