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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
09:29

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Published on: August 21, 2017

[Acute Flaccid Myelitis].

Ryutaro Kira1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a neurological condition causing paralysis, often linked to enterovirus D68 in children. Early detection and diagnosis are vital for managing AFM and preventing poliovirus spread.

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Published on: November 9, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare but serious neurological condition.
  • It primarily affects the spinal cord's gray matter, leading to acute flaccid paralysis.
  • AFM is strongly associated with enterovirus D68 infections, particularly in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of AFM's clinical features.
  • To outline diagnostic approaches for AFM.
  • To highlight the public health significance of AFM surveillance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on AFM.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation and neuroimaging findings.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses.

Main Results:

  • AFM presents with acute flaccid paralysis, predominantly affecting spinal gray matter.
  • MRI shows characteristic longitudinal lesions, and CSF analysis reveals mild pleocytosis.
  • Distinguishing AFM from transverse myelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome is critical.

Conclusions:

  • AFM requires prompt recognition and diagnosis for effective clinical management.
  • Inclusion in acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is essential.
  • Vigilant surveillance aids in the early detection of poliovirus and other enterovirus threats.