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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

[COVID-19-Associated Encephalitis and Encephalopathy: Current Status].

Takayoshi Shimohata1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19-associated encephalitis and encephalopathy incidence has declined due to immunity and viral changes. Mechanisms now involve immune responses and microvascular injury, impacting disease severity and mortality.

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High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
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The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • COVID-19-associated encephalitis and encephalopathy incidence has decreased.
  • Mechanisms are shifting towards immune-mediated pathology and cerebral microvascular injury.
  • These neurological conditions are significant predictors of severity and mortality in adults and children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of COVID-19-associated neurological complications.
  • To discuss the underlying mechanisms, clinical impact, and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on COVID-19-associated encephalitis and encephalopathy.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends, pathomechanisms, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Decreased incidence attributed to viral mutations and population immunity.
  • Immune-mediated pathology and cerebral microvascular injury are key mechanisms.
  • Encephalitis/encephalopathy independently predict severity and mortality; acute necrotizing encephalopathy in children has high mortality and sequelae.

Conclusions:

  • Correction of reversible factors and immunotherapy are crucial for treatment.
  • High-dose corticosteroids and IL-6 receptor blockade show promise.
  • Understanding these neurological complications is vital for patient management and outcomes.