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Related Concept Videos

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...
Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun's warmth. At other times, it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells. Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system through their electric and magnetic fields. These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. However, there is energy in an electromagnetic wave,...
Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

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Published on: March 30, 2017

Driving Thermal Vacuum Photons by Time-Modulated Media.

Changjian Zhang1, Tian Yuan1, Hongxing Xu2

  • 1East China Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Shanghai 200062, China.

Physical Review Letters
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered a general principle for how time-modulated optical systems affect thermal photons. This pseudoconservation law shows how thermal photons rearrange, creating controllable fluxes within thermal baths.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Electrodynamics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Thermal photons are ubiquitous in physical systems within thermal environments.
  • Interactions between vacuum fields and media drive quantum electrodynamics phenomena.
  • Time-modulated optical media can convert vacuum fluctuations into real photon pairs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To uncover a general principle governing time-modulated optical systems' action on thermal photons.
  • To establish a pseudoconservation law for photon numbers in this context.
  • To understand the rearrangement and flux generation of thermal photons.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of time-modulated optical systems.
  • Establishment of a general pseudoconservation law for photon numbers.
  • Investigation of thermal photon rearrangement in energy and direction.

Main Results:

  • A general principle for thermal photon manipulation by time-modulated media was uncovered.
  • A pseudoconservation law for photon numbers was established.
  • Thermal photons were shown to rearrange, generating controllable fluxes within the thermal bath.
  • Input-output disparities across frequencies and controllable photon transport were observed.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides fundamental insights into the dynamics of thermal vacuum fields.
  • The findings offer a guiding principle for designing thermal-photon manipulation schemes.
  • This work clarifies the effects of time-modulation on thermal photons.