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Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate resistance.
Mortar Properties01:17

Mortar Properties

Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to the...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests
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A High-Phosphogypsum Multi-Solid-Waste Cementitious Binder for Backfill: Cross-Scale Insight into Pore Structure and

Jianhua Hu1, Xingjian Jiang1, Fengwen Zhao2

  • 1Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates that clinker-free binders with 40% phosphogypsum (PG) can achieve sufficient strength for phosphate mine backfill. The binder

Keywords:
backfill materialindustrial solid wastephosphogypsumpore

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Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence

Published on: September 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Waste Valorization

Background:

  • Phosphogypsum (PG) is a major industrial waste with limited application in cementitious materials due to strength reduction at high dosages.
  • Developing sustainable binders using industrial waste is crucial for reducing environmental impact and resource consumption.
  • Phosphate mine backfill requires cost-effective and environmentally sound materials to ensure stability and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a novel clinker-free multi-solid-waste binder incorporating 40 wt.% phosphogypsum (PG) for cemented paste backfill applications.
  • To investigate the relationships between hydration products, pore structure evolution, and strength development in PG-based binders.
  • To assess the feasibility of using steel slag powder (SSP) and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) as co-binders with PG.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of clinker-free binders with PG, SSP, and GBFS, using phosphate mine tailings and slime as aggregates.
  • Assessment of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) at 7 and 28 days.
  • Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), coupled with image-based pore-structure analysis.

Main Results:

  • AFt and C-S-H-like gels were identified as key hydration products contributing to pore refinement and strength gain.
  • All tested mixtures met the minimum UCS requirements for backfill (0.5 MPa at 7 days, 1.0 MPa at 28 days).
  • Porosity, pore probability entropy, and fractal dimension were negatively correlated with UCS, indicating their detrimental effect on strength.

Conclusions:

  • The developed clinker-free binder containing 40 wt.% PG shows promising potential for sustainable cemented paste backfill in phosphate mines.
  • The binder's performance is linked to the formation of specific hydration products and controlled pore structure development.
  • Further research can optimize the binder composition for enhanced mechanical properties and long-term durability.