Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes

Area of Science:

• Orthopedics
• Sports Medicine
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• Female athletes exhibit a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries compared to male athletes.
• Injury risk is multifactorial, involving extrinsic, anatomical, genetic, hormonal, and neuromuscular elements.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the factors contributing to ACL injury risk in female athletes.
• To discuss optimal management strategies for female athletes experiencing ACL injuries.
• To highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for improving return-to-sport rates.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on sex-based differences in ACL injury.
• Analysis of anatomical, biomechanical, hormonal, and neuromuscular factors.
• Examination of surgical considerations and rehabilitation protocols.

Main Results:

• Female athletes have a greater risk of ACL injury due to complex interacting factors.
• Preoperative assessment of anatomy, biomechanics, and goals is critical for graft selection and adjunct procedures.
• Female athletes report lower return-to-sport rates, often linked to fear of re-injury.

Conclusions:

• A multidisciplinary strategy is essential for optimizing outcomes in female athletes with ACL injuries.
• Addressing modifiable risk factors and providing comprehensive support can enhance recovery and return to sport.
• Understanding and mitigating psychological barriers like fear of re-injury is crucial for female athletes' knee health.