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Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
Redefining specific learning disabilities: An attempt to bridge research, policy, and practice through expert
Nicholas F Benson1, Ryan L Farmer2, Kathrin E Maki3
1Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, USA.
Journal of School Psychology
|May 30, 2026
Summary
Defining specific learning disability (SLD) is complex. Experts agree on core elements but debate operationalizing unexpectedness and identification methods for diverse learners, emphasizing evidence-based frameworks.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Neuroscience
- Special Education
Background:
- The definition and identification of specific learning disability (SLD) are highly contested, impacting research, policy, and practice.
- Divergent interpretations necessitate expert consensus on SLD definition and evidence requirements for valid identification.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize expert perspectives on defining SLD and the necessary evidence for identification.
- To achieve consensus on key components of SLD definition and evaluation criteria.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the Delphi Method with a panel of experts.
- Focused on synthesizing diverse viewpoints on SLD definition and evidence-based identification.
Main Results:
- Agreement on academic deficits, unexpected underachievement, environmental factors, and exclusionary criteria.
- Consensus on prioritizing diagnostic accuracy, measurement accuracy, logic, treatment utility, and group comparisons for evidence.
- Disagreements persist regarding operationalizing unexpectedness, discrepancy methods, and identifying twice-exceptional learners.
Conclusions:
- Reconceptualizing SLD as a heterogeneous construct is essential.
- Operational definitions must be anchored in empirically supported evidence for consistent, equitable identification.
- Findings inform policy, professional preparation, practice, and future research in SLD identification.
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