Radiological Assessment of Liver and Biliary Neoplasms

Primary liver cancer, encompassing hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, represents a growing global health burden with significant morbidity and mortality. Imaging is central to the clinical management of these malignancies, informing surveillance, diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment. A comprehensive overview of current imaging modalities-including ultrasound, computed tomography, MRI, and PET/CT-and their respective roles across the spectrum of hepatic and biliary neoplasms is presented. Established diagnostic frameworks such as LI-RADS and staging systems including BCLC are reviewed, alongside emerging applications of radiomics and artificial intelligence in liver oncology.