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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
05:39

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2024

Rare Spinal Cord Tumors.

Daniel Lubelski1, Lansaol Yang2, Abdul Karim Ghaith3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Meyer 5-185, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) are rare CNS lesions, mostly glial (ependymomas, astrocytomas). Diverse rare types require specific diagnosis and prognostication.

Keywords:
ImagingIntramedullary spinal cord metastasesIntramedullary spinal cord tumorsRecurrence and survivalSpinal surgery

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Genetic Profiling and Genome-Scale Dropout Screening to Identify Therapeutic Targets in Mouse Models of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

Published on: August 25, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Spinal Cord Pathology

Background:

  • Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) are rare central nervous system (CNS) lesions, comprising 2-4% of all CNS tumors.
  • The majority are glial tumors, primarily ependymomas and astrocytomas, accounting for over 80% in both pediatric and adult patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diversity of IMSCTs.
  • To emphasize the need for specialized diagnostic and prognostic approaches for each tumor type.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IMSCT classification and characteristics.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding IMSCT prevalence.

Main Results:

  • Glial tumors (ependymomas, astrocytomas) dominate IMSCTs (>80%).
  • A significant minority includes rare entities like neuroepithelial cysts, subependymomas, gangliogliomas, lipomas, and intramedullary metastases.
  • These diverse IMSCTs exhibit varied origins, behaviors, resectability, and prognoses.

Conclusions:

  • IMSCTs are a heterogeneous group of tumors.
  • Accurate diagnosis and tailored prognostication are crucial for effective management of the diverse range of IMSCTs.