Thermal analysis techniques for microplastic mass quantification: Methodological challenges and standardization needs

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Analytical Chemistry
• Materials Science

Background:

• Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants.
• Standardized methods for their quantification are urgently needed.
• Thermal analysis techniques are promising for mass-based detection.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review thermal analysis techniques for MP and NP quantification.
• To identify critical standardization gaps in current methodologies.
• To propose a roadmap for harmonizing thermal analysis in MP research.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines.
• Searched Web of Science database (inception to December 1, 2025).
• Evaluated techniques: Py-GC-MS, TGA-MS, TED-GC-MS, DSC across seven environmental matrices.

Main Results:

• Identified standardization gaps: inconsistent marker ion selection, unvalidated TRWP factors, lack of certified reference materials.
• Py-GC-MS has lipid interference issues; TED-GC-MS offers higher sensitivity but lacks real-time monitoring.
• Data comparability is hindered by methodological inconsistencies.

Conclusions:

• Harmonized ion selection and matrix-specific protocols are needed for TRWP quantification.
• Inter-laboratory validation using reference materials is essential.
• Standardized thermal analysis will improve MP and NP research data comparability.